Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb glucose derived from foods and is essential for the diet, breathing and energy metabolism of cells. In this case, the production or interaction with the pancreas hormone - insulin is reduced. The quantitative presence of glucose in the bloodstream needs to be regulated. With the inappropriate functioning of a pair of glucose -Sensulin, hyperglycaemia is a persistent increase in glucose. Metabolism suffers, the work of the kidneys, the heart, the blood vessels and the central nervous system is disturbed.Types of diabetes
Two main varieties of diabetes are distinguished, which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.First type of diabetes (insulin -dependent, youthful, inzsd i type)It is characterized by the fact that for any reason the immune system attacks the pancreatic beta-cells (over 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose is delivered to the body with food constantly. The blood sugar turns off the scale. Diabetes of the first type is most commonly detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults it is not uncommon.Second type diabetes (dependent on insulin, II II)Type II diabetes is often diagnosed in people after 30-40 years. But the disease becomes younger. In 90 % of cases in patients there is overweight. The body may still produce insulin, but the sensitivity of cells to insulin is reduced (this is called insulin resistance). There is a vicious circle. The cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to feed. cage. Glucose simply accumulates in the blood and insulin increases appetite. A person eats, jumps sugar, insulin resistance intensifies. Pre -existingHere, the level of glucose exceeds reference values, but you can't even talk about diabetes. Prediabet can form the basis for the development of type II diabetes as well as diseases of the cardiovascular system.Pregnancy diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. They are often found in the quarter II or III.Also, the course of the disease varies in seriousness: light (i), medium (ii) and heavy (III).Diabetes. Symptoms
If you do not have the habit of giving blood for glucose once a year and do not personally know the endocrinologist from the clinic, there are many symptoms that can tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will make a reservation immediately, the signs of diabetes manifest if insulin deficiency is already moving to a critical point. Therefore, at the moment, the most effective way to learn your sugar level is to donate blood.First type of diabetesDiabetes symptoms of the first type:Fixed, insatiable thirst.Repelled mouth; frequent urination;apathy and fatigue.REASONABLE PENIST?weight loss (on average 3-5 kg), not related to actions by a person.Problems with vision (ambiguity of the image, as if everything is in fog).
Diabetes of the second typeSymptoms of the second type of diabetes are similar to type I diabetes in certain parameters: they are thirst, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, visual impulse and frequent toilet push. But this guy has his own signs:numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.Slow wound healing and recurrent infections.
The causes of diabetes
Unfortunately, scientists cannot name the exact causes of diabetes growth in humans (especially the first type). Poor ecology, abundance of viral infections and the inadequate function of the immune system are taken as a basis. Between the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus are usually distinguished:Hereditary predisposition. In addition, the risk reaches 10%if the father is ill with diabetes of the first type and 2, 5%if the mother. If both parents are diagnosed with type II diabetes, then the child has the risk of this disease after 40 years is increased to 65-70%.Unbalanced diet with abundance of carbohydrates.Overweight (90% of people with II in II).lack of physical activity;stress on a constant basis. Prediabet?Prolonged use of certain drugs (diuretic, hormonal, salicylic, cytostatic, etc. ).Nationality (in the children of the European race, the risk of developing the diabetes of the first type of higher).History of Pregnancy Diabetes.Chronic deficiency of the adrenal cortex.
Complications
This disease is sneaky and if you do not notice the doctor's instructions, then complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) may occur, which endanger the work of the whole body. Chronic complications are observed when a high level of sugar lasts a long time.The following chronic complications can be distinguished:The fragility of blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, early cataract development or causing blindness.With diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, leading to tooth loss or heart problems. A variety of infectious diseases of the oral cavity is also possible. It is necessary to observe hygiene well and visit the dentist regularly.Cardiovascular disease are the most common causes of disability and mortality between diabetics. Angina Pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and more. The lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose levels, increased blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications. The kidney disease or destruction of blood vessels in the kidney leads to the failure of the function or refusal of the kidneys. Hell control is required.Neuropathy (nerve damage). Most of the time, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the legs. The walls of the vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed, the blood flow to the legs worsen. The signs of neuropathy growth are stinging, pain, detection of gooseberries or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially the elderly, usually do not connect the meaning to it, which is full of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, gastrointestinal problems, genital system).Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis, as boats become fragile, fragile and increasing the risk of thrombus.There is often pain in the joints, as diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial fluid.There is also a high frequency of developing mental disorders.
Acute complications grow rapidly, usually interconnected with fluctuations in blood glucose. Low (hypoglycaemia) and high (hyperglycaemia) lead to judgments. The crisis of hypoglycaemia (3, 9 mmol/l or lower) manifests itself as an epileptic seizure and hyperglycaemic crises are dangerous to the emergence of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemic hyperglycaemic status. These are emergencies and threatening situations that lead to convulsions, coma and lethal effect.Diagnosis of diabetes
Diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person must know his / her level of glucose, especially after 45 years. But if it is in danger, then the analysis should be done more often and you must do so earlier so you do not waste the precious time. Diabetes is diagnosed in various ways:Analysis for glycosemate hemoglobin. The results of the analysis show the average blood glucose level in the last 2-3 months. So you can locate the dynamic.Analysis of blood plasma glucose (capillary or venous) on an empty stomach. The control demonstrates the position of glucose right now.The Gluczotanty test is prescribed in dubious cases. The test lasts a long time and includes a measurement of glucose levels before and after taking a glass of glucose water dissolved therein.Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and/or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.
Treatment
When treating type I diabetes, the main treatment for insulin is the main treatment for insulin, which should be administered daily in a dose prescribed and calculated by the treating physician. You can use special insulin syringes, syringes-operator or insulin pumps, independently calculating the necessary dose of the deposited hormone. Under certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe diabetes drugs that stimulate the body to develop their own insulin. In the diabetes of the first species, insulin chip every day, since the passages are full of the development of diabetic ketoacidosis, leading to death. Daily insulin + proper nutrition + physical activity can provide life without complications.With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes drug treatment designed to reduce sugar levels and normalize a person's condition. Sometimes it may be necessary for insulin substitution therapy, but it does not need to be taken daily. Diet in diabetes is observed without failure, as well as an increase in physical activity, body weight control.In the presence of pre-the-diabetes, the examination must be performed once every six months or one year. It is also necessary to get rid of overweight and go to the diet.With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the blood glucose level and follow the recommendations of the observational doctor. Most of the time after childbirth, blood sugar returns to normal. But there is the risk of developing the second type of diabetes.Prediction and prevention
Diabetes is a severe endocrine disease that reduces life by 5-10 years and men die more often than women. Infectious and viral diseases are strictly tolerated. Complications in pneumonia, influenza occur 6 times more often, compared to the statistics of people without diabetes in a history. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia grow less frequently. But with diabetes you can and should fight. Their management helps to avoid many problems and complications. Thus, 50-60% of cases of disease are stabilized and do not progress.Proper control and prevention of diabetes are:Regular glucose control.Special diet for diabetes.Playing sports in moderate mode.Observation of blood pressure and cholesterol.regular visit to the necessary experts and are undergoing surveys;Taking medicines prescribed by a doctor.
Diabetes is not fully studied, but the drugs and conscious attitude towards their lives with this disease will help to live for a long time and without complications.
